Which of the following best describes non-state actors in international relations and their influence on global policy?

• A. NGOs, corporations, civil society, and philanthropy; they influence policy through advocacy, funding, expertise, and campaigns.
• B. States and intergovernmental organizations only.
• C. Military alliances and border security agencies only.
• D. Central banks and WTO exclusively.

Answer: (B)

Non-state actors are players in global politics that operate outside formal governments and international institutions. They include NGOs, multinational corporations, civil society groups, and philanthropic foundations. Their influence on global policy comes through advocacy, funding, specialized expertise, and campaigns that shape agendas, provide resources, and mobilize public opinion. This makes the option listing NGOs, corporations, civil society, and philanthropy the best description, because it captures the diverse ways these actors affect policy decisions alongside states and intergovernmental bodies. The other options focus on state-centered actors or security/macro institutions, which do not describe non-state actors and their broader influence.